1. reputation [repjʊ'teɪʃ(ə)n] n. 名誉，名声

The college acquired a reputation for very high academic standards.

那所学院以学术水平高而闻名。

She gained a reputation as a first-class cook.

她获得了一级厨师的荣誉。

She was by reputation a good organizer.

久闻她是个出色的组织者。

to earn/win/establish/build a reputation

赢得/确立/树立声誉

to have a good/bad reputation

有好/坏名声

to damage/ruin one's reputation

毁坏某人的名声

an international/a worldwide reputation

国际的/全球的声誉

2. daunt [dɔːnt] vt. 使害怕；使气馁

They were daunted by the amount of work still to be done.

他们被那大量待做的工作吓倒了。

He was a brave man but he felt daunted by the task ahead.

他是一个勇敢的男人，但对面前的任务却感到信心不足。

No difficulties in the world can daunt us.

世界上任何困难都吓不倒我们。

3. initial [ɪ'nɪʃəl] adj. 开始的，最初的 n. 大写首字母

the initial step in a process

某一过程中的第一步，初始步骤

the initial stages/period of the disease

疾病的早期阶段

My initial reaction was to decline the offer.  

我最初的反应是婉言谢绝这个提议。

Just write your initials.

写下你的姓名首字母即可。

Michael Jackson was often known by his initials MJ.

人们常以姓名首字母MJ称迈克尔·杰克逊。

4. abuse [ə'bjuːz] vt./n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂

She abused her position as principal by giving jobs to her friends.

她滥用自己作为校长的职权，把工作安排给朋友们。

to abuse one's authority

滥用权力

The hostages were verbally abused and threatened with physical violence.

人质受到言词辱骂和肢体暴力恐吓。

government officials' abuse of power

政府官员的滥用职权

alcohol/drug abuse

酗酒/吸毒

She suffered years of physical abuse.

她遭受了多年的肉体摧残。

Even though he never physically abused me, the verbal abuse was frightening.

尽管他从未虐待过我，但言语上的辱骂还是令人恐惧的。  

5. urge ['ɜːdʒ] vt. 力劝，催促，竭力主张；驱策，推进  n. 强烈欲望，冲动

urge sb to do sth敦促 (某人做某事)

He urged her to study English.

他极力劝她学习英语。

They urged that the library (should) be kept open during the vacation.

他们极力主张在放假期间图书馆应当照常开放。

urge on激励〔某人〕；驱策〔动物〕

Urged on by the crowd, the Italian team scored two more goals.

受到观众的激励，意大利队又进了两球。

He urged the horse on with a whip.

他用鞭子策马前进。

the urge to do sth

Suddenly she had an overwhelming urge to be with her son.

突然，她有一种无法抗拒的冲动，要和儿子在一起。

I had a sudden urge to hit him.

我突然很想揍他一顿。

urgent ['ɜːdʒənt] adj. 紧急的，急切的

He was in urgent need of medical attention.

他继续治疗。

There is an urgent need for food and water.

迫切需要食物和水。

an urgent matter

紧急的事，当务之急

urgency ['ɜːdʒ(ə)nsɪ] n. 紧急

a matter of great urgency

极为迫切的问题